Larval Control measures:

  1. Removal, disposal, burying or burning of all unused tins, cans, jars, bottles, tyres, coconut shells and husks and other items that    can collect and hold water.

 2. Keeping tyres, metal boxes, discarded appliances, sinks, basins, cement tanks, pots and parts of other items in industrial and    commercial premises, in sheltered areas protected from rainfall. Shredding or cutting old tyres into flat pieces and disposing them in    properly constructed and managed landfills away from populated areas.

                                            

 3. Keeping water containers covered. Turning water drums and small earthen jars upside down once in a week. Emptying and    cleaning procedures are easier when the water level is low. Periodically scrubbing the inside of water containers to destroy Aedes    eggs    at the time of container cleaning. Covering large volume water storage tanks, inlets and overflow outlets with mosquito wire    mesh. In    case, water containers can not be emptied, Temephos (1 ppm) should be applied on weekly basis.

                                                                        

4. Regularly emptying water in flower vases in houses and offices at least once a week. Potted plants should be checked for puddled    water in leaves or in saucer under planter.

                                                                             

 5. Draining water logged tree holes.

                                                                             

 6. Turning tin cups used to collect sap from rubber tree in rubber plantations upside down when not in use.

                                                                     

 7. Filtering water from one container to another through cloth in order to trap and dislodge larvae and pupae.

 8. Kiddie pools need to be emptied regularly or treated with chlorine.

                                                                                   

 9. Playhouses and kid toys can hold puddles of water. Check and empty regularly.

                                                                             

 10. Leaking water sources can puddle and breed hundreds of mosquitoes. Make sure they are turned off or repaired.

                                                                             

 11. Gutters provide a nice place for mosquitoes to breed. Clean and clear obstructions.

                                                                             

12. Wheel barrels and other landscape objects can hold water and need to be checked regularly.

                                                                             

13. Bird baths need to be emptied regularly and scrape residue off sides and bottom where eggs can cling awaiting water.

                                                                             

14. Regularly cleaning the air coolers.

                                                                              

 15. Avoidance of mosquito areas(Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are day time biters). Larval control is more economical and    provides sustainable control by eliminating the source of newly-emergent adult mosquitoes.

                                             

    Personal protection measures:

  1. Wear full sleeve clothes and long dresses to cover the limbs
  2. Use mosquito coils, repellents and electric vapour mats during the daytime;

                                                          

   3. Use mosquito nets – to protect babies, old people and others, who may rest during the day.

                                                                        

    Adult Mosquito control operations:

                                                   

    Indoor space spraying:

   For indoor spraying, pyrethrum extract after dilution is sprayed with Flit pump or hand operated fogging machine fitted with micro-   discharge nozzle. Commercial formulation of 2% pyrethrum extract is diluted with kerosene in the ratio one part of 2% pyrethrum    extract with 19 parts of kerosene (volume/volume). Thus, one litre of 2% pyrethrum extract is diluted by kerosene into 20 litres of    0.1% pyrethrum extract ready-to-spray formulation.. One litre of .ready-to-spray formulation is sufficient to cover 20 households,    each household having 100 cubic metres of indoor space.

    Advantages of Indoor pyrethrum space spray:

    · It is non-toxic to humans and other non-target organisms at the recommended dose.
    · The spray equipment is simple, cheap and readily available in the market at affordable prices to the householders.
    · The householders can spray the diluted pyrethrum with ease in their own premises.
    · The vectors have not yet developed resistance to this natural product in spite of using for many decades in the programme.

    Outdoor space spraying:

                                                            

    Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Spray:

   In Ultra Low Volume application, minimum volume of liquid insecticide formulation is applied per unit area. This provides maximum    effectiveness against target vectors.    Most organo-phosphorous insecticides in their technical form can be applied as ULV spray.    Under the public health programme, presently technical malathion is the insecticide used for this purpose. The insecticide is broken    down into small droplets of a volume median diameter (VMD) of 40-80 microns with an objective of producing a cloud of insecticide    droplets that remain suspended in air for an appreciable time and driven under the influence of wind. Since no diluent is used, the    technique is more cost-effective than thermal fogging but it does not generate a visible fog. The ground equipment mostly used for    ULV spray includes portable motorized knapsack blowers and cold aerosol generators.

    Advantages of ULV spray (Cold Fog):

    · Relatively less use of insecticide and minimal amount of diluent, mostly ready to use formulation reducing operator exposure.
    · Low fire hazard and relatively more environment-friendly.
    · Efficient application because of use of finer size droplets at higher density with less volume of insecticide.
    · Practically no visibility reduction due to ULV fog.
    · The cold fog is not visible like thermal fog but this is not a technical disadvantage.

    Thermal Fogging:

   The technique is based on the principle that insecticide is vapourized, which condenses to form a fine cloud of droplets on contact    with cooler air when it comes out of the machine. The insecticide is vapourized at a very high temperature inside the machine.    Once the fog comes out of the machine, it tends to spread in different directions by mixing with wind. The insecticide of choice for    fogging is malathion/pyrethrum, because of relatively lower mammalian toxicity and being biodegradable so these do not persist in    environment    for longer durations. Thermal fogging is psychologically more acceptable as it generates a highly visible fog. The    most common and preferred types of equipment include portable thermal fogger and mist blowers. Vehicle mounted machines have    limitation as their use is restricted to areas with communicable road only. Although thermal fogging produces denser and perceptible    insecticide cloud, it is much more expensive and epidemiologically less effective than ultra low volume spray.

    Advantages of thermal fog:

    · The spray formulation contains lesser active ingredient of insecticide in a large volume of diluent thereby reducing operator    exposure to insecticide.
    · Easily visible fog resulting sense of satisfaction. Though thermal fog has the advantage of being visible, the disadvantages outweigh this aspect:

    Disadvantages:

    · Formulation contains large volume of diluent (organic solvent), which make operation expensive due to high cost of solvent and    application.
    · Thick fog causes reduced visibility and traffic hazards.
    · Burning of large volumes of diluent may not be environment-friendly.
    · Very high temperature of the machine operations and use of organic solvents (highly inflammable) poses serious risk of fire    hazards.

    References:

    http://nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/GUIDELINES%20FOR%20CONTAINMENT%20OF%20DENGUE%20FEVER%20AND%20CHIKUNGUNYA%20EPIDEMICS.pdf
    http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section2246.htm
    http://www.healthconnect.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-arbovirus-fschikungunya.htm
    http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2007/070906.asp
    http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/39845.php
    http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_03_17/en/